Development and Application of Predictive Models for Survival, Growth, and Death of Enteric Pathogens in Leafy Greens Supply Chain

Leafy greens are essential part of a healthy diet. Because of their health benefits, production and consumption of leafy greens has increased considerably in the U.S. in the last few decades. However, leafy greens are also associated with a large number of foodborne disease outbreaks in the last few years. The overall goal of this dissertation was to use the current knowledge of predictive models and available data to understand the growth, survival, and death of enteric pathogens in leafy greens at pre- and post-harvest levels. Temperature plays a major role in the growth and death of bacteria in foods. A growth-death model was developed for Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in leafy greens for varying temperature conditions typically encountered during supply chain. The developed growth-death models were validated using experimental dynamic time-temperature profiles available in the literature. Furthermore, these growth-death models for Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes and a similar model for E. coli O157:H7 were used to predict the growth of these pathogens in leafy greens during transportation without temperature control. Refrigeration of leafy greens meets the purposes of increasing their shelf-life and mitigating the bacterial growth, but at the same time, storage of foods at lower temperature increases the storage cost. Nonlinear programming was used to optimize the storage temperature of leafy greens during supply chain while minimizing the storage cost and maintaining the desired levels of sensory quality and microbial safety. Most of the outbreaks associated with consumption of leafy greens contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 have occurred during July-November in the U.S. A dynamic system model consisting of subsystems and inputs (soil, irrigation, cattle, wildlife, and rainfall) simulating a farm in a major leafy greens producing area in California was developed. The model was simulated incorporating the events of planting, irrigation, harvesting, ground preparation for the new crop, contamination of soil and plants, and survival of E. coli O157:H7. The predictions of this system model are in agreement with the seasonality of outbreaks. This dissertation utilized the growth, survival, and death models of enteric pathogens in leafy greens during production and supply chain

A perception of medical students about role of cinema on mental health

Background: Among few of the recreational activities of students are sports and watching cinema. Movies are found to be powerful instruments in influencing the attitudinal changes, emotional impact, education, life styles, health and other behaviours. Objectives 1. Choice of cinema among medical students 2. Perceived effects of watching cinema on study participants. Methods- This was a cross sectional study carried out among undergraduate medical students. Sample size: 153. Result: Age of the participants ranged from 18-29 years averaging 21.43 years. Bollywood movies were the most commonly watched by 113 (73.9%) followed by Hollywood movies watched by 104 (68%) study participants.77 (50.3%) participants believed that movies showing sexual violence against females badly affect the psyche of females

Morphometric Measurements of Posterior Cruciate Ligament and its Clinical Implications: A Cadaveric Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) is a band like structure which tightly adheres to femur and tibia with collagen fibres. It is considered as an active and primary stabiliser of the knee joint and it acts as the principal restraint against posterior tibial translation. Its anatomical knowledge is necessary for practicing surgeons. Aim: To study the morphometric parameters of total length and width of Posterior Cruciate Ligaments (PCL) at three points (proximal, central and distal) on both knee joints and their clinical correlation. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at Smt. Bikhiben Kinjal Shah Medical Institute and Research Centre, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, from August 2021 to May 2022. This cadaveric study was conducted over 40 knee joints of 20 formalin-fixed cadavers of unknown sex and measured the length and width of PCL with the help of digital caliper. Total length and width (proximal, central and distal) of PCL were measured and Mean±Standard Deviation (Mean±SD) were recorded. Independent t-test and Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used to find out any possible association and correlation for various morphometric measures of right and left knee at 5% and 1% level of significance, respectively. Statistical analysis was done by the trial version of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Results: Total length of PCL of right and left knee was 33.19±3.09 mm and 33.12±3.40 mm, and range between 23.4-37.9 mm and 23.8-38.0 mm, respectively. The measurements of the width of PCL at different levels (proximal, central and distal) of right knee were 9.07±1.24 mm, 10.44±1.75 mm and 9.10±1.46 mm respectively, while in left knee they were 9.33±1.67 mm, 10.32±1.99 mm and 9.29±1.70 mm, respectively. T-test showed that there was no association for considered morphometric measures between right and left knee at α=5%. The correlation assessment showed strong positive correlations between left and right sides for both knees at different levels, which were significant p-value <0.001. However, no correlation was found between length and width (proximal, central and distal) for both knees. Conclusion: This study gives the valuable result of parameters of length and width of PCL, which helps for orthopaedic surgeons in the surgery and grafting of ligament in the case of trauma

Analysis of Phenomenon at Quantum Capacitance Limit of SNWFET using FETToy

In The proposed paper several interesting phenomenon that happens at Quantum Conductance Limit (QCL) like transconductance of One Dimensional-Silicon Nano Wire Field Effect Transistor (1D-SNWFET), mobile electron density and injection velocity is studied and simulated using Fettoy simulation tool. The selected gate material in silicon nanowire field effect transistor is SiO2 with K=3.9 and HFO2 with K=20. A coaxial SNWFET is simulated and the results illustrate the essential physics and peculiarities of 1D nanowire FETs, such as the saturation of channel conductance at full degenerate limit and the saturation of transconductance at the quantum capacitance limit and the full degenerate limit